Describe and discuss the diverse ways in which the development of Essay

Describe and discuss the diverse ways in which the development of second generation sequencing technologies has widen the fie - Essay ExampleOn the same note, the four components related to barcoding include specimens, laboratory abridgment, database and data analysis (CBOL Plant Working Group 2009, p.12794). Since early 90s, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing has involved the use of capillary-based and semi-automated techniques related to Sanger biochemistry. The process of deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing then involved two approaches that include shotgun sequencing and PCR amplification. Shotgun sequencing involves a process of copy DNA that through a random fragmentation and transformed into high-copy-number plasmid that is used for changing Escherichia coli. PCR amplification, on the separate hand involves a process of targeted resequencing where primers are used to flank the target. Following three decades of improvements, the Sanger biochemistry, is now use to obtain read l engths that average 1000 bp and accuracies in regard to per base raw that average 99.999%(Hutchison 2007, pp.6227-6237). However, the display of second generation sequencing techniques continues to expand the field of DNA barcoding beyond the Sanger sequencing technique. The second-generation technologies grant contributed to alternative DNA barcoding strategies and raise be grouped in a number of categories. This includes sequencing using hybridization, cyclic-array sequencing, microelectrophoretic techniques and observation of superstar molecules in real-time (Healy 2007 Shendure 2005 Soni & Meller 2007). Second generation technologies as used in the field of barcoding implies to the different types of sequencing that present been introduced recently, in a commercial product and includes 454 sequencing, Solexa technology, Heliscope technology of single molecule sequencer, the Polonator and the SoLiD platform. These products have alter the diversity of sequencing, and have h elped in the application of alternative protocols for purposes of generating jumping libraries related to mate-paired tags that contain controlled distance distributions. Further, these new technologies through miscellaneous approaches, permits the production of amplicons that are clonally clustered, and acts as sequencing features. A common feature among the second-generation technologies in DNA barcoding is that, PCR amplicons emanating from various single library molecules can be spatially clustered on a single site deep down a planar substrate or on micron-scale beads surface. The sequencing process has further improved because of the introduction of alternating cycles related to enzymes-based biochemistry and data acquisition that is based on imaging (Mitra et al. 2003, pp. 55-62). In essence, the benefits of the second-generation technologies in comparison to the Sanger technique in diversifying DNA barcoding includes, the introduction of in vitro construction related to seq uencing library. This is followed by cloning amplifications that produce sequencing features and circumvent numerous bottlenecks considered affecting parallelism related to sequencing considered as conventional. Second generation technologies compared to Sanger sequencing, have an advantage in terms of introducing array-based sequencing. Because of the existence of an array-based sequencing, the process of DNA barcoding is able to realize a abundant degree of parallelism compared to capillary-based sequencing.