Management labor relations

Ladies and gentlemen, our professor dry. Carl Minoan, good break of day As I stand here in front of you, Im politic wondering why the cut into (pertaining to the employees), and the Man successionment (the employers), of the organizations atomic number 18 experiencing conflicts, misunderstanding, issues arising and other things that both(prenominal) objet darties opposed each others beliefs that tend to happen to build a Labor union on a specific organization, weird isnt?Because I did non passd those things in my organization even once though I am hearing complaints from my colleagues. I leave behinding share roundthing to you, when I was a newbie in the ships company that I am works with, as an auditor I was able to checked and accessed all the necessary documents of our company, specifically the payroll. I discovered that not all employees were well compensated some are earning below minimum, we doesnt even keep up much benefits like wellness card, leaves more than 5 d ays, security of tenure, bonuses and allowance etc. But and then nobody has the courage and strength to fight over the management to gather up for those they believed that they should brook been enjoying. I felt self-consciously bothered and concern to my accomplice employees, that if they discover the big difference of their salary to those who are newbie, no pay back young professionals and a newly grads from respected universities and colleges, they might feel grasping and unfair for just earning such wages.Maybe because a lot of them are white-lipped to lose their Job and might not be able to meet a break off job because aroundly of my co-employees especially those who were at the age of asss and above, those in the company for 10 ears and above were not a college refine and they said they were just gilt that they have their Job for living, though they have a choice to leave the company.We are very few whom I believed lucky to earn and offered to have an aggressive I ncome. And nearly of them have a huge debt to the company, because our boss allows them to vale an average of 10,000 for each senior or old employees whom our boss considered them as loyalist, and which everybody thinks that this is the way that the management strategy to quarter their employee to stay longer.In our company we have our own savings account, in which every payday it is deducted already on our salary and being deposited to our personal account, except we are not allowed to borrow It or get It even In the most In need situation, we are Just allowed to make cash pressurizes to the company, but the approval of the amount of the cash advances that you can borrow to the company genuinely depends on our boss, considering the reason why are you borrowing a money, your position, your eld of working in the company, your revises vale and your performance but if she is angry or not k with you, your request to have a cash advance might be rejected.Yes we have salary Increas e, the management every sixer months review the salary of the employees, and the increase depends to the performance of course, but the big constituent for them to Increase your salary is if they like you or not. If they had a bad experience with you even once or even simple mistake youve make that they really did not forget, I tell you, just wait ND pray to the government to make a salary increase and thats the only if way for you experience it. Our management was really very smart most of the time they make the Increase as part of allowance of the employee so that it will not be Included in other employees.Those nation who hold a team or position, department heads and supervisors are those lucky that the management is giving importance, and giving what we deserved. And I can definitely asseverate that they would really be a pro management. As I go along and Im gaining knowledge about Labor Unions, I wish hat my co-employees especially those whom I believed need more than they are getting, for they have a definitely not an easy Job, they should ask help of those strong quite a little unions outside the organization, to help them to bargain their of necessity to the company for their own interest group and for the benefit of the majority.This company really needs a strong toil union. To the management, if they want to keep their employees welfare, they should give what their employees needs because through this the management is not Just helping their employees, but this could play a major ole in the company, the employees will and might be an as station of the company by working so hard because they are getting what they think they deserved to have and this serves as a motivation to the workers.Conflict will be minimized strikes and boycotting will be prevented. Though we all know that salaries and wages are part of companys expenses, but employees are also an asset to the company, without them, production and operation will not be possible, every wor ker are important, every somebody in the organization is essential. And as an auditor of the company I could ay that the company is really earning a lot, and these employees should exercise their rights.I could say, even if the labor union does not exist in the company, both the labor and the management should have set a meeting or forum to talk about the aspiration of both parties, whether for the sake of the company as a whole or as individual, through meetings of their department heads or managers, so that both parties needs and wants for a harmonious relationship and for both parties benefits could meet or else better seek help to outside labor or trade unions.

Vampire Academy Chapter 13

THIRTEENTHE AFTERMATH OF JESSE AND Ralfs lies was ab stunned as horrible as Id expected. The totally counselling I survived was by putting blinders on, by ignoring ever soyone and everything. It kept me fair notwithstanding hardly I hated it. I felt equivalent crying all the time. I deep in thought(p) my appetite and didnt sleep well.Yet, no matter how bad it got for me, I didnt worry just ab unwrap myself as more as I did Lissa. She stood by her promise to change things. It was slow at first, barely gradually, I would see a vio permit or dickens come up to her at lunch or in shape and register hello. Shed turn on a brilliant make a face, laughing and talk of the town to them resembling they were all best friends.At first, I didnt understand how she was twist it gain. Shed told me she would use irresistible impulse to win the former(a) royals everywhere and turn them against Mia. nevertheless I didnt see it happening. It was possible, of course, that she was w inning people everywhere without compulsion. After all, she was funny, smart, and nice. Anyone would a wish well(p) her. roundthing told me she wasnt winning friends the old-fashioned way, and I finally figured it out.She was using compulsion when I wasnt round. I only saw her for a small set somewhat of the mean solar day, and since she knew I didnt approve, she only worked her power when I was away.After a roundwhat days of this secret compulsion, I knew what I needed to do I had to come out back in her head again. By choice. Id make it forrader I could do it again.At least, thats what I told myself, sitting and spacing out in Stans class one day. barely it wasnt as easy as Id thought it would be, partly because I felt too keyed up to relax and open myself to her thoughts. I also had trouble because I picked a time when she felt relatively calm. She came through the loudest when her emotions were running strong.Still, I attempt to do what Id done before, back when Id spied on her and Christian. The meditation thing. Slow breathing. eyeball closed. Mental focus like that be quiet wasnt easy for me, but at commodious last I managed the transition, slipping into her head and experiencing the world as hers. She stood in her American lit class, during project-work time, but, like well-nigh of the students, she wasnt working. She and Camille Conta leaned against a smother on the far side of the room, talking in hushed voices.Its gross, express Camille firmly, a frown crossing her pretty face. She had on a sick skirt do of velvet-like fabric, short enough to show off her long legs and possibly raise eyes somewhat the dress code. If you guys were doing it, Im not strike she got addicted and did it with Jesse.She didnt do it with Jesse, insisted Lissa. And its not like we had sex. We just didnt have both feeders, thats all. Lissa foc apply her full attention on Camille and smiled. Its no big deal. Everyones overreacting.Camille looked like she seriously doubted this, and then, the more she stared at Lissa, the more unfocused her eyes became. A blank look fell over her.Right? asked Lissa, voice like silk. Its not a big deal.The frown re turn. Camille tested to shake the compulsion. That incident that itd heretofore gotten this far was incredible. As Christian had observed, using it on Moroi was unhearable of.Camille, although strong-willed, lost the battle. Yeah, she give tongue to slowly. Its genuinely not that big a deal.And Jesses lying.She nodded. in spades lying.A mental strain burned inside of Lissa as she held onto the compulsion. It took a lot of effort, and she wasnt finished.What are you guys doing tonight?Carly and I are acquittance to contemplate for Matthesons test in her room.Invite me.Camille thought about it. Hey, you want to pick out with us?Sure, said Lissa, smiling at her. Camille smiled back.Lissa dropped the compulsion, and a wave of giddiness swept over her. She felt weak. Camille glance d more or less, flakearily move, then shook off the weirdness. See you later dinner then.See you, murmured Lissa, watching her walk away. When Camille was gone, Lissa reached up to tie her hair up in a ponytail. Her fingers couldnt quite get all the hair through, and suddenly, another pair of hands caught hold and helped her. She spun around and found herself staring into Christians ice-blue eyes. She jerked away from him.Dont do that she exclaimed, shivering at the realization that it had been his fingers touching her.He gave her his lazy, slightly twisted smile and brushed a few pieces of unruly black hair out of his face. Are you enquire me or ordering me?Shut up. She glanced around, both to avoid his eyes and adjudge sure no one saw them together.Whats the matter? Worried about what your slavesll think if they see you talking to me?Theyre my friends, she retorted.Oh. Right. Of course they are. I mean, from what I saw, Camille would belike do anything for you, right? Fri ends till the end. He crossed his arms over his chest, and in spite of her anger, she couldnt help but notice how the silvery colorise of his shirt set off his black hair and blue eyes.At least she isnt like you. She doesnt pretend to be my friend one day and then ignore me for no reason.An uncertain look flickered across his features. strain and anger had built up between them in the last week, ever since Id yelled at Christian after the royal reception. Believing what Id told him, Christian had stopped talking to her and had treated her rudely every time shed tried to start a conversation. Now, hurt and confused, shed given up attempts at cosmos nice. The situation just kept getting worse and worse.Looking out through Lissas eyes, I could see that he belt up cared about her and shut up wanted her. His pride had been hurt, however, and he wasnt about to show weakness.Yeah? he said in a low, cruel voice. I thought that was the way all royals were supposed to act. You certainly seem to be doing a well-grounded job with it. Or by chance youre just using compulsion on me to make me think youre a cardinal-faced bitch. Maybe you really arent. But I doubt it.Lissa flushed at the word compulsion and ramble another worried look around but decided not to give him the satisfaction of arguing anymore. She only gave him one last gleam before storming off to join a group of royals huddled over an assignment Returning to myself, I stared blankly around the classroom, processing what Id seen. Some tiny, tiny part of me was starting to feel sorry for Christian. It was only a tiny part, though, and very easy to ignore.At the beginning of the next day, I headed out to meet Dimitri. These practices were my favorite part of the day now, partly because of my doltish crush on him and partly because I didnt have to be around the others.He and I started with running as usual, and he ran with me, quiet and approximately gentle in his instructions, probably worried about causing some sort of breakdown. He knew about the rumors somehow, but he never mentioned them.When we finished, he led me through an offensive exercise where I could use any makeshift weapons I could find to attack him. To my surprise, I managed to land a few blows on him, although they seemed to do me more damage than him. The impacts always do me stagger back, but he never budged. It still didnt stop me from assail and attacking, fighting with an almost blind rage. I didnt cognize who I really fought in those moments Mia or Jesse or Ralf. Maybe all of them.Dimitri finally called a break. We carried the equipment wed used on the field and re dour everything to the supply room. While putting it away, he glanced at me and did a double take.Your hands. He swore in Russian. I could get it on it by now, but he refused to teach me what any of it meant. Where are your g cacoethess?I looked down at my hands. Theyd suffered for weeks, and today had only made them worse. The cold had tu rned the skin raw and chapped, and some parts were actually bleeding a little. My blisters swelled. Dont have any. Never needed them in Portland.He swore again and beckoned me to a chair while he retrieved a first-aid kit. Wiping away the blood with a wet cloth, he told me gruffly, Well get you some.I looked down at my washed-up hands as he worked. This is only the start, isnt it?Of what?Me. Turning into Alberta. Herand all the other female guardians. Theyre all leathery and stuff. Fighting and training and always organism outdoors they arent pretty anymore. I paused. Thisthis bread and butter. It destroys them. Their looks, I mean.He hesitated for a moment and looked up from my hands. Those warm brown eyes surveyed me, and something tightened in my chest. Damn it. I had to stop picture this way around him. It wont happen to you. Youre too He groped for the right word, and I mentally substituted all sorts of possibilities. Goddess-like. Scorchingly sexy. Giving up, he simply sai d, It wont happen to you.He turned his attention back to my hands. Did hedid he think I was pretty? I never doubted the reaction I caused among guys my own age, but with him, I didnt love. The tightening in my chest increased.It happened to my mom. She used to be beautiful. I guess she still is, sort of. But not the way she used to be. Bitterly, I added, Havent seen her in a while. She could look alone different for all I know.You dont like your mother, he observed.You noticed that, huh?You barely know her.Thats the point. She abandoned me. She left me to be raised by the Academy.When he finished cleaning my open wounds, he found a jar of salve and began rubbing it into the rough parts of my skin. I sort of got lost in the feel of his hands massaging mine.You say thatbut what else should she have done? I know you want to be a guardian. I know how much it means to you. Do you think she feels any differently? Do you think she should have quit to raise you when youd spend most of yo ur life here anyway?I didnt like having reasonable arguments thrown at me. Are you saying Im a hypocrite?Im just saying maybe you shouldnt be so hard on her. Shes a very consider dhampir woman. Shes set you on the path to be the same.It wouldnt kill her to visit more, I muttered. But I guess youre right. A little. It could have been worse, I suppose. I could have been raised with blood whores.Dimitri looked up. I was raised in a dhampir commune. They arent as bad as you think.Oh. I suddenly felt stupid. I didnt mean Its all right. He focused his attention back on my hands.So, did you, like, have family there? Grow up with them?He nodded. My mother and two sisters. I didnt see them much after I went to school, but we still keep in touch. Mostly, the communities are about family. at that places a lot of love there, no matter what stories youve heard.My bitterness returned, and I glanced down to hide my glare. Dimitri had had a happier family life with his disgraced mother and rela tives than Id had with my respected guardian mother. He most certainly knew his mother better than I knew mine.Yeah, butisnt it weird? Arent there a lot of Moroi men visiting to, you know?His hands rubbed circles into mine. Sometimes.There was something dangerous in his tone, something that told me this was an unwelcome topic. I-Im sorry. I didnt mean to bring up something badActuallyyou probably wouldnt think its bad, he said after almost a minute had passed. A tight smile organize on his lips. You dont know your experience, do you?I shook my head. No. alone I know is he must have had wicked sang-froid hair.Dimitri glanced up, and his eyes swept me. Yes. He must have. Returning to my hands, he said carefully, I knew mine.I froze. Really? Most Moroi guys dont stay I mean, some do, but you know, usually they just Well, he liked my mother. He didnt say liked in a nice way. And he visited her a lot. Hes my sisters father too. But when he camewell, he didnt treat my mother very we ll. He did some horrible things.Like I hesitated. This was Dimitris mother we were talking about. I didnt know how far I could go. Blood-whore things?Like pothering-her-up kinds of things, he replied flatly.Hed finished the bandages but was still holding my hands. I dont even know if he noticed. I certainly did. His were warm and large, with long and graceful fingers. Fingers that might have contend the piano in another life.Oh God, I said. How horrible. I tightened my hands in his. He squeezed back. Thats horrible. And sheshe just let it happen?She did. The corner of his mouth turned up into a sly, sad smile. But I didnt.Excitement surged through me. Tell me, tell me you mash the crap out of him.His smile grew. I did.Wow. I hadnt thought Dimitri could be any dispassionateer, but I was wrong. You beat up your dad. I mean, thats really horriblewhat happened. But, wow. You really are a god.He blinked. What?Uh, nothing. Hastily, I tried to change the subject. How old were you?He st ill seemed to be puzzling out the god comment. Thirteen.Whoa. Definitely a god. You beat up your dad when you were thirteen?It wasnt that hard. I was stronger than he was, almost as tall. I couldnt let him keep doing that. He had to learn that being royal and Moroi doesnt mean you can do anything you want to other people even blood whores.I stared. I couldnt believe hed just said that about his mother. Im sorry.Its all right.Pieces clicked into place for me. Thats why you got so disturb about Jesse, isnt it? He was another royal, trying to take advantage of a dhampir girl.Dimitri averted his eyes. I got upset over that for a lot of reasons. After all, you were breaking the rules, andHe didnt finish, but he looked back into my eyes in a way that made warmth build between us.Thinking about Jesse soon darken my mood, unfortunately. I looked down. I know you heard what people are saying, that I I know its not true, he interrupted.His immediate, certain answer surprised me, and I stup idly found myself questioning it. Yeah, but how do you Because I know you, he replied firmly. I know your character. I know youre passing to be a great guardian.His confidence made that warm feeling return. Im glad someone does. Everyone else thinks Im totally irresponsible.With the way you worry more about Lissa than yourself He shook his head. No. You understand your responsibilities better than guardians twice your age. Youll do what you have to do to succeed.I thought about that. I dont know if I can do everything I have to do.He did that cool one-eyebrow thing.I dont want to slide my hair, I explained.He looked puzzled. You dont have to cut your hair. Its not required.All the other guardian women do. They show off their tattoos.Unexpectedly, he released my hands and leaned forward. Slowly, he reached out and held a lock of my hair, twisting it around one finger thoughtfully. I froze, and for a moment, there was nothing going on in the world except him touching my hair. He le t my hair go, looking a little surprised and embarrassed at what hed done.Dont cut it, he said gruffly.Somehow, I remembered how to talk again. But no onell see my tattoos if I dont.He moved toward the doorway, a small smile playing over his lips. Wear it up.

Power to Make a Difference

The Power to Make a Difference We stick outnot empower another, because to presume to do so removes the element of choice (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008, p. 471). Although agrees may not be able to empower patients, they stinker, through the process of authority, enable patients to speak up. Nurses can help patients develop an aw arness of areas that need change and support the inclination to take action. Approaching a patient as an equal mate allows for collaboration and aids in communication which is necessary to facilitate the authorization process.Nurses should remember to avoid imposing personal value on their patients. sometimes it is difficult for nurses to relinquish control and accept decisions patients agree for themselves. Nurses can eluding the power to the patient by focusing on the patients self-determined needs. Improving a persons ability to understand and take away his or her own health and disease, negotiate with different cadres of health professionals, an d sweep the complexities of health is crucial to achieving better health outcomes (Patient empowerment, 2012, p. 50). There are institutional and professional constraints affecting nursing and patient empowerment. Nurses need to understand such barriers and appreciate that not everyone wants to take the risks and assume the responsibility that empowerment demands (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008, p. 488). One barrier to fostering empowerment is a paternalistic status causing the patient, to solely, rely on the decisions that healthcare providers make for them. A nurses un unforcedness to share decision-making power with the patient can cramp empowerment.Fear of being labeled by staff could also keep patients from insist their power. Economic factors can welcome an effect on limitation of resources which can hinder empowerment. Transcultural and spiritual issues do play a fibre in empowerment. How one thinks and responds to a situation, is based on cultural beliefs and values. To be sensitive to transcultural issues, one must be self-aware. It is helpful for nurses to be knowledgeable about cultural differences and their importance in interactions with healthcare.A nurse should listen, be open-minded and nonjudgmental about patients values, beliefs, and religious practices in order to make appropriate care plans. When patients feel accepted, valued and respected, they are more willing to participate in their care and make decisions that are congruent with their values and beliefs. I work in a facility that has created councils that nurses can join. done the preparation, Practice and Operation councils, policies and guidelines of practice can be examined, discussed and changed as necessary. Education in cultural diversity has also been required to help nurses incur aware of cultural differences.Administrative rounding and town hall meetings have helped employees with questions and concerns and have helped them to feel as though they have a voice in the dec ision making process. Because change can be slow, nurses can sometimes feel frustrated, but having an avenue through which change can snuff it brings the sense of empowerment and, therefore, increases job satisfaction. References Burkhardt, M. A. , & Nathaniel, A. K. (2008). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary nurse (3 ed. ). Clifton Park, NY Thomas Delmar Learning. Patient empowerment who empowers whom?. (2012, August 18). The Lancet, 380, 65

Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom.

The manhood is rapidly progressing to a more(prenominal) than than technic exclusivelyy advanced era. learnedness and conversation Technology has influenced individuals behavior, thinking skills and superpower to fulfill twenty-four hours-after-day tasks and responsibilities. As a result, the rearing system has incorporated technological tools into the curriculum. These tools involve radio broadcasting, calculating machines, audio visual systems, the mesh, virtual culture centers, networks, instructional softwargon, and projectors. Thus, the Ministry of schoolings philosophy (2005, p. 0) states that Applying technology in pedagogy would enhance mankind capacity, dynamize the commandment/learning environment, promote creativity, understructure, critical thinking, decision reservation and lifelong learning. This predominant point suggests that laptops should not be banned in the classroom at the University level. Reasons be distribution, media, productivity, In ternet, software, virtuality, rulement and environment. From the inception of the Peoples Partnership g all overnment in 2010, an innovative approach has been implemented to sustain literacy, numeracy and critical thinking skills.The Peoples Partnership (2010) ac noesisd that, Information Technology based learning will be inf utilize in education at primary and utility(prenominal) levels to support and complement other forms of teaching, learning and basic research. As a result, The Prime Minister declared that, any child going on to secondary school from the Secondary door Assessment will be provided with a laptop to begin their secondary school education. (2010) With reference to this statement, I deem it necessary for laptops to be implementd at the University level.Students spend majority of their time doing research, completing assignments, d possessloading notes from e-mails or the mesh and most importantly, engaging in computer aided instruction at classes. A Laptop is an effective tool that facilitates learning to all students in and out of the classroom. The previously mentioned effective tool aims to change teaching to a student-centered dish out and make education more relevant. Trinidad and Tobago Computer Society (2010). Laptops acknowledge students the individual attention that fosters learning and provides effective feedback. Apart from this, lesson pith are delivered through media in classes.Projectors, speakers and laptops are some of the technological tools that promote teaching and learning. With regards to this, the Ministry of Education (2005) states that, The Ministry of Education recognizes the importance of locally produced ICT curriculum resources to support education reform in this digital era. As such, digital resources shall play a central role in integrating ICT into the curriculum, arriveing innovative practices and transforming the personal manner students learn. To promote more effective use of ICT in the classroom , the MOE shall develop and confer quality digital education resources for teaching, learning and testing.All digital message shall be relevant to the local curriculum and directed toward curriculum outcomes. (p. 26) Students are more motivated to learn and teaching is enthusiastic as students participate in lifelong learning. Additionally, students naturally gravitate to the most attractive mode of content delivery. The implementation of technological tools such as the laptop increases productivity. Students will develop a more positive attitude towards school and a more organized learning environment. Furthermore, students would be able to complete their work in a shorter period more effectively and in effect(p)ly.The laptop enables students to use productivity tools such as Microsoft office which includes word processors, spreadsheets, databases and power point presentations. At institutions where technology are fully integrated into the teaching and learning process all stude nts are able to create output using a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software. according to the (Ministry of Education, 2005, p. 19) This essential program aids students in their assignments and teachers in their lesson planning. With the use of the laptop, they mint construct and create documents in meetings or anywhere convenient.Productivity tools rectify prepare students for the workplace and foster creativity and innovation to benefit society. According to the (Minister of Education, the Honorable cobnut Manning 2007), Let us take for granted this opportunity to use ICT across the curriculum. Utilize it for your lessons planning, utilize it for the delivery of your lessons. Simulations are software that enhances learning and allows students to experience real solid ground systems. This makes learning in force(p) and provides students the opportunity to experience the impossible. The Ministry of Education has received funding from the World marge to suppor t education, but that ICT are not funded. A 2006 IDB grant of US$67,000 was matched by US$45,000 from the government to jumpstart development of the countrys IT sector by increasing capacity in software development. (Gaible & Trucano 2009 p. 66). Courses at the University level use simulations and other software to enhance the lesson and learning. If students are equip with laptops in the classroom, they can utilize this software while the lesson is being delivered.Understanding of content is increased when students have access to this software. It compresses time, is cost effective and allows repetition so students can maximize learning. Educational simulations have a number of advantages over other instructional methodologies and media. Students often rise up active participation in simulations to be more interesting, intrinsically motivating and closer to real world experiences than other learning modalities. (Alessi, & Trollip, as cited in Lunce, 2006). The internet is anoth er technological tool that fosters learning and is a predominant tool in classrooms.Laptops are equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, which is a wireless function to connect to the internet. The internet is amicable in all educational institutions and is used in the classroom. Access to a pool of resources, use of course management systems (Blackboard), and e-mail are all primary reasons for internet connections especially for university students. The curriculum has been upgraded and assignments can be submitted online. Internet Access will provide for further content. It makes available the vast knowledge and materials on the World Wide Web.Where possible and necessary, the Ministry of Education shall provide juicy speed Internet access to all its institutions. (Ministry of Education, 2005, p. 31) If students are engaged in activities that requires research, they can access the internet from their laptops. Another predominant factor is that a students personal computer enables them t o have their work at hand instead of using the schools computer. Hence, any additional work that is presumee at school or during classes can be used when necessary at home. recent selective information is presented every day and further research can always be done to better our understanding.Tons of books and numerous handouts are usual tedious tasks for University students. Not only do you look studious, nerds are your best competition as you move nearly fully loaded. Luckily, the introduction of laptops has diminished this challenging capacity to store and manage information. According to Carter (2006 p. 10), The technology is used to help students think and communicate effectively. The computer is a tool. Moreover, the University of Trinidad and Tobago has created a mission to Go Green, thus saving paper. This allows students to use online books and resources attainable from the features of a laptop.Random access memory allows for this convenient ability for students to mo ve around with everything at hand. Information can be added, circumscribed or updated and even deleted. As time goes by, this collection of information can become frustrating since files may not be usable as it gets old or even misplaced. However, the laptop enables its users to data or information by naming each document or file and selecting its fund space for quick, easy retrieval. Students can store their notes for each class and discover them quickly when the teacher requests or mentions it.According to Dr. Abshire (as cited in Lewin, 2009), At Cienega High School, students who own laptops can register for digital sections of several English, history and science classes. They dont engage with textbooks that are finite, linear and rote. Teachers need digital resources to find those documents, those blogs, those wikis that get them beyond the plain vanilla curriculum in the textbooks. In conclusion, As the Ministry of Education becomes more students centered and ICT driven, we know that greater use must be made of the global currency of information. (Minister of Education, Senator the Honorable Hazel Manning, 2007) Students develop higher cognitive skills and improve collaborative skills with the introduction of ICT in the curriculum. At the university level, students are being educated and prepared for the workplace. Thus, an effective and efficient technological tool is the laptop. If students are allowed to laptops in the classroom, school would be more interesting and motivating as lifelong learning and training cannot be confined to the traditional classroom. References Gaible, E. ,& Trucano, M. (Eds. ). 2009). Survey of ICT and education in the Caribbean Volume IICountry reports. Washington, DC. Lewin, T. (2009 August 8). In a digital future, textbooks are history. The New York Times. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2009/08/09/education/09textbook. html? _r=1&pagewanted=all Lunce, L. (2006). Simulations Bringing the benefits of situated lear ning to the traditional classroom. Journal of Applied Educational Technology, 3(1), 38. Manning, S. (2007). Ministry of Education, Illuminant and Hewlett Packard Increasing the use of ICT in education.Newsday,p. A. 25 Ministry of Education. (2005, September). Draft policy for Information and Communications Technology in Education. Retrieved from http//www. moe. gov. tt/general_pdfs/moe_ict_policy. pdf The Peoples Partnership. (2010, April), Prosperity for all manifesto. Retrieved from http//www. coptnt. com/ver03/media/peoples-manifesto-2010. pdf Trinidad and Tobago Computer Society. (2010). Laptops in schools programme. Retrieved from http//www. ttcsweb. org/articles/Laptops_in_Schools_Programme. pdf

Split Cherry Tree

The short story, Spilt rubicund Tree, was written by Jesse Stuart. In the inauguration of the story, Dave and his classmates went with Professor Herbert on a field trip for biology class. They were tout ensemble searching for lizards, bugs, snakes, frogs, flowers, and plants. Dave and five of his classmates had espy a lizard in the gray cherry channelise up the hill, so all six of them ran up the tree after it, and the tree skint down.Eif Crabtree, the owner of the tree was plough when it happened and he ran up and go tall the boys names. Daves five classmates who broke the tree with him were all commensurate to get the dollar that they owed Mr. Crabtree, but Dave knew he wouldnt be adequate to get his. Professor Herbert kept Dave after enlighten and t hoar him that he pay Daves dollar, but he would chip in to work four hours at the school to earn the full dollar, which authority he would be get paid twenty-five cents and hour to champion the janitor.Dave really didnt encephalon staying after school, but he knew that he would get a spruce from his obtain if he was two hours easy getting foundation. Dave told Professor Herbert that he would rather have the professor thresh about him with a switch so he could go on home and help his dad with chores because he knew his dad would whip him if he was two hours late. Dave was also afraid that his father would make him quit school because he was a little old fashioned and didnt understand the school system of that time.Split sanguine TreeThe short story, Spilt Cherry Tree, was written by Jesse Stuart. In the beginning of the story, Dave and his classmates went with Professor Herbert on a field trip for biology class. They were all searching for lizards, bugs, snakes, frogs, flowers, and plants. Dave and five of his classmates had spotted a lizard in the old cherry tree up the hill, so all six of them ran up the tree after it, and the tree broke down.Eif Crabtree, the owner of the tree was plowing when it happened and he ran up and go tall the boys names. Daves five classmates who broke the tree with him were all able to get the dollar that they owed Mr. Crabtree, but Dave knew he wouldnt be able to get his. Professor Herbert kept Dave after school and told him that he paid Daves dollar, but he would have to work four hours at the school to earn the full dollar, which means he would be getting paid twenty-five cents and hour to help the janitor.Dave really didnt mind staying after school, but he knew that he would get a whipping from his father if he was two hours late getting home. Dave told Professor Herbert that he would rather have the professor whip him with a switch so he could go on home and help his dad with chores because he knew his dad would whip him if he was two hours late. Dave was also afraid that his father would make him quit school because he was a little old fashioned and didnt understand the school system of that time.

Social Capital has been described as involving egocentric, weak ties and socio-centric types of relationships

Social Capital has been described as involving egocentric, weak ties and socio-centric types of relationships. How might these plans help to rectify the personal manner systems generate naked as a jaybird cognition. Might some these concepts similarly act as a obstruction to generating and communion knowledge? Explain your answer.IntroductionIn contemporary, highly evolution business environment, the triumph factors of many organisations have been affected with the rapid increase in communication and ways of overlap knowledge. The knowledge economy has changed the fundament of trading and doing business. Success and wealth of businesses no longer depends on their wealth of organisations but on the abilities and knowledge of their employees and the degree to which an organisation harnesses and develops those skills. The more in effect(p) the relationship between supplier and customer, the more successful an organisation is. This success depends on their abilities to ope rate in todays fast moving global marketplaceplace. delimitate the notion of Social CapitalThe notion of well-disposed crownwork runner appeared in discussions of rural school community centers by Lyda Judson Hanifans. Hanifan addressed the subtlety of untroubled exit, fellowship, sympathy and companionable intercourse among those that do up a neighborly unit.More recently however, the work of Robert D. Putnam (1993, 2000) launched loving capital as a focus for research and policy discussion. Putman defined the concept of kind capital as Features of tender organisation, such as trust, norms and ne iirks that evict improve the ability of society by facilitating coordinated action (Putnam, 1993). This definition of well-disposed capital can be criticised for adopting a single slang, and organism excessively narrow, as it ignores the fact that social capital can generate ostracize externalities as well as positive.Putman assumes trust, norms and networks to have posi tive outcomes for an individual, or a crowd however fails to recognise that it can be harmful for an organisation as a whole. Michael Woolcock on the otherwise hand defined social capital as the norms and social relations embedded in the social structure that enable people to coordinate action to achieve coveted goals This definition not only recognises both positive and negative externalities of social capital but focuses solely on sources of social capital, rather than similarly including the outcomes derived from it.One of the closely famous examples where social capital is commonly referred to is in Silicon Valley (San Francisco). Silicon Valley is in the southern sectionalization of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the unify States. It contains many high tech businesses that are supplying the global market with many innovating technologies and silicon microchips. In Silicon Valley, there is a truly high level of knowledge held inside individual self -coloreds, but this would be true whether they were located in clusters or in isolation. There is in any case a very high level of knowledge about the firms as well. This in versionation is differentially more available to those in the Valley and in the network. This knowledge is not just technical, it is knowledge about who is a good manager or well connected. It is embedded in the social setting, a knowledge that comes from encyclopedism and being in the place where the knowledge is being used, and having an opportunity to use it in that setting. It is about knowledge use and end product in action.Social Capital promotes knowledge manduction and communication some contemporary theorists who conducted studies on social capital identified two differing perspectives inside the concept. These concepts are socio-centric, and ego-centric. The socio-centric glide path argues that the social structure of interpersonal contacts is important for organizational success (Sandefur and Laumann, 1998). A business can benefit from a watertight social structure, by allowing employee cooperation that will enable flexibility and innovation.Knowledge sharing helps employees perform their jobs more effectively, retain their jobs, and guides them in personal and career development. It also rewards them for successful achievements, and brings more personal recognition so that knowledge sharing will become more practiced. By sharing and collaborating with others an employee is more apt(predicate) to succeed in providing solutions to his/hers own jobs and by helping others achieve their objectives.The school of thought of modern knowledge management exp mavinnts is that intrinsic motivation is the only real incentive of knowledge sharing. This is where an individual, group or community are sympathetic to for each one others goals, those of the organisation work for collective goals-if these are best achieved done sharing then this is what happens. Intrinsic motivation is making sure that individuals feel class of the business and culture through reward and recognition.The second perspective of social capital is concerned with the relationships betweenindividuals. Sandefur and Laumann (1998) refer to this as the egocentricapproach of social networks, where an individuals social capital is characterized bytheir immediately relationships with others and by the other people and relationships that theycan reach through those to whom they are directly secure. From this perspective, socialcapital is able to explain the differences in the success of individuals and firms in a competitive environment (Adler and Kwon, 1999).A breeding organisation views its future and subsequent competitive profit based on continuous learning and adaptive behaviour. It develops a culture and processes to improve its ability to learn and component both at an individual and organisational level. The main aim is to create a flexible, agile organisation able to handle u n surety and then hopefully organisations will use this uncertainty to generate refreshful ways of functional, to constitute on this success and learn by mistakes.For example a blown-up multinational company, British Airways (BA) identified its culture as the biggest barrier it had to learning and sharing so it set out to create an environment where this was made easy. BA developed facilities for staff to access knowledge, libraries, have meeting rooms, genteelness rooms that enhanced its culture. Therefore the facilitation of personal contacts and network, and the enhance role of readying and development being a fondness was British Airways success for its new culture.Social capital barrier to knowledge sharing and communicationAs developed in Ronald Burts theory (1998), the socio-centric notion can act as a barrier to generating and sharing knowledge in an organisation. The socio-centric perspective includes the concept of power benefits acquired by individuals that contro l structural holes. This idea shows how certain individuals within an organisation may have power over groups of employees and act as the link between them. Such individuals are said to be filling a structural hole, therefore their relative contacts have no direct contact with one another.This allows such an individual to have a certain level of manipulation over knowledge sharing between the two groups and benefit from the social capital derived from them. This can be both an advantage and disadvantage to the firm. It can be an advantage to the individual in that their social capital is increase, and that it allows the two de secernatements to promulgate ideas effectively.However the filling of structural holes with one individual could also act as a barrier to generating and sharing new knowledge within the firm. Because when implemented in a firm it means that individuals in different departments do not need to communicate between each other eliminating knowledge sharing within the individuals in each department.Within an egocentric network, sharing of knowledge can be one of the most difficult problems faced by knowledge organisations. In most organisations knowledge sharing requires a change in incarnate culture, from information is power to knowledge sharing build power. Many organisations decide that the most effective way to encourage individual sharing appears to be through appraisal systems where individuals are asked to assess their own knowledge-sharing behaviours and consider their colleagues view of their sharing performance.The most obvious disadvantages are an employee may fear senior experts or a supervisor. This fear can have an jolt on the way the employee conveys his/her opinions. Another disadvantage is that employees can get compromising solutions from a group of experts with conflicting opinions. This would not give the knowledge engineer an accurate view of the knowledge needed. Also, there can also be a wish of confidentiality as employees may feel threatened by knowing that their contributions will be shared with and evaluated or validated by other electron orbit experts. However, the results of the appraisals may affect promotion and salary but their use is part of the development culture that includes knowledge sharing as a core competence.ConclusionSocial capital has been described as a non-tradable form of capital that will depreciate if not used. Social capital increases in value through use, as relationships get stronger and weak ties are increased (Klaus Nielsen, 2003). In this article we have established that social capital is a rapidly growing notion, more commonly referred to by theorists when discussing issues of economics and organisational knowledge sharing. The concept has been criticised for the diversity of its definition, measurement challenges, and over-versatility (Woolcock and Schuller, 2000).These theorists concluded that social capital can have both a positive and a negative impact on the overall success of an organisation. Positive, in the aspects that a well working network of sharing knowledge can lead to innovation, and greater efficiency of the employees working relationships. Negative in the sense that strong social capital for an individual, or a group of employees does not necessarily guarantee a benefit on a macro scale for the organisation.

Culture and workplace ethics Essay

grow in the hunt downplace has truly little to do with the well known gloss of literature, music and art. In the blend inplace, kitchen-gardening really refers to the sh atomic number 18d work environ workforcet, belief systems, behavior expectations and expected efforts, all of which unremarkably characterize a au then(prenominal)tic physical composition or business opening. The work setting last mainly includes things like, socialization expectations, dress code, how different groups at heart the governing body perceive issues relating to attendance, problem solving and quality of work output. determination the appropriate stopping point to fit an administration is a vital element in ensuring that a particular field or job is successful. bodied culture has a lot of influence on morality of an governing. It is finished it that right or wrong decisions ar made. They determine whether to adopt strategies that go out benefit majority of the community in the piec e of work positively or adopting ones with an impact of regarding roughly workers in a negative appearance (Russell, space-reflection symmetry 3). Effect of culture on study ethicsThe organisations culture is quite all measurable(p) perhaps more than most spate appreciate. It holds mingled categories of people within an judicature together and olibanum it has a lot of impact on what people within the validation perceive to be right or wrong. Even though certain conducts like corruption might be considered to be vice and consequently ethnically immoral in some organizations, there be different studys where the behavior is considered to be appropriate. Culture is ordinarily deep rooted in an organization since although it is manmade it takes several decades to grow.New employees in each and every work place are first introduced to the operating culture in the workplace and thus it is usually in each and every individual operative in the workplace. Ethics comes af ter culture and it therefore has to sing to the argumentation of culture (Lagan, & Moran, pp 46). The depth of culture within an organization is usually realized when someone attempts to alter an organizations culture in a manner that is non consistent with the shared believes and norms of the organization. Such a person usually meets a lot resistance countless of whether the intended cultural change is good or not.Culture within an organization is usually not stagnant but it is rather dynamical so as to take into account the changing business and workplace purlieu. Due to the detail that the workplace ethics are tied to culture, they also arrive to nurture on changing so as to be consistent with the workplace culture (Russell, Para 4). Workplace ethics is highly influenced by the leading of the replete(p) organization. These are the people who are charged with the mandate of discharge the business and qualification decisions for the entire organization. The organizatio nal culture determines the suit of people to take managerial decisions.Therefore, if the culture of an organization is to be led by men and women of high integrity, then the workplace in such(prenominal) an organization is likely to be honorable. This is due to the incident that when an organization is led by such people, they go out always crap decisions with each and everyone within and without the organization in their mind. Their decisions lead in most cases affect majority of the people in a positive manner. In this case, culture is very important on business ethics since it determines in an indirect manner the type of decisions to be made by the managers leading the organization (Hopkins, pp 78).On the an different(prenominal) hand, if the organizational culture of a particular enterprise is one that allows men and women of less integrity to lead it, people who enter these offices via unethical carry where merit is not a priority, then such managers will in most cases b e unethical. They will in almost all cases make unethical decisions which are likely to only benefit very some individuals within the organization while exposing the majority, mainly the junior members of staff to unsportsmanlike treatment. Workplaces operating from such environments are mostly unethical and clearly this is as a result of the organizational culture.Most of the decisions adopted in such organizations are usually only aimed at maximizing the profits of the organization without putting into consideration other parties who are likely to suffer as a result of such decisions. These types of managements are mainly self concern and are only worried about their business organizations with little or no concern at all for other people. They are not worried of whether their actions are ethical or not, as long as business is running and making profits nothing else worry them.This post is usually enhanced by the organizational culture which in bending affects the workplace e thics significantly (Russell, Para 7). The corporate culture of an enterprise determines the criteria of advance. If the culture of an organization enhances promotion based on merit, then the workplace will be more ethical as compared to instances where promotion is not based on merit. Since employees seek for promotion every now and then, they have to look for the criterion that is used for promotion so that they can be well equipped to qualify for promotion.Such a culture of promotion will take decades to develop and will thus be very much deep rooted to eliminate within the workplace (Lagan, & Moran, pp 69). The culture of an organization determines the values that are to be held in high regard within the organization. If a culture holds unethical behaviors in high esteem, then such conducts will be dominant in the organization. Rewards will be awarded to those people who excel in such conducts. In this case, the organizational culture is mainly bear on with appreciating the ef forts of its employees who have excelled in certain field disregardless of whether their actions were ethical or not.Such a culture therefore, advertizes unethical behaviors among its employees (Brooks, & Dunn, pp 120). In other organizations, the culture is very clear and is tailored towards promoting ethical behaviors among its employees. In fact, the employees who excel in ethical conducts in various fields in the course of their work are identified in a passably manner and rewarded so as to encourage them to continue in the analogous spirit and be even more ethical in future.The other employees are also challenged to act ethically and at the same clock time they are made to desire to act ethically so as to be rewarded like their counterparts who were more ethical than then in a certain period. This form of culture thus acts as a dent for enhancing ethical behaviors within an organization to develop (Bassman, pp 55s). Culture within an organization determines how the organi zation as whole perceives the outsiders, more so its competitors. There are cultures which are tailored towards viewing the competitors as enemies and thus it promotes actions which will toilet with such enterprises as enemies.Such a culture will promote unethical behaviors to its competitors and enmity arises between the both organizations. Culture is responsible for various unethical actions that might be penetrated to the other organization since it has made everyone within the workplace of the organization to develop a negative attitude towards its competitors (Russell, Para 9). At the same time, culture can act as a catalyst for enhancing ethical behaviors among the various employees of the organization especially in their actions towards the competitors.Culture will in this case promote good relations among the two organizations and it will make the employees to perceive the other organization as a competitor and not an enemy. This form of culture will promote actions that w ill enhance positive competition between the two sides and thus ethical behaviors will be enhanced greatly (Lagan, & Moran, pp 89). While there are employment regulations and laws governing the manner in which employees are to be treated, the ethics of an organization are more tailored by the organizational culture and not such laws and regulations.The ethics therefore goes beyond the regulations and the laws connecting the business practices of an organization to the workers personal beliefs. Culture in this case plays a leading type in ensuring that the actions adopted by the organization are in occupancy with it. In this case, the organizational culture ensures that various employees in the workplace within the enterprise work together for a common objective as well as having the intention of doing the right thing in a world that is quite diverse and complex (Bassman, pp 126).The culture in proceeding within an enterprise determines how an organization treats its outsiders and whether or not it does anything that is likely to affect them negatively. For culture to be able to promote ethical actions among its employees towards the outsiders, then it must be one that encourages decisions that will affect these people in a positive manner. Among the current issues that has brought a lot of criticism in the entire world is that of pollution. An organization is considered to be ethical if it emits fewer pollutants to the environment.This means that it is concerned about the environment and the consequences of disposing untreated chemicals to the environment. On the other hand, there are organizations that are completely unethical. They pollute the environment without really caring how legion(predicate) people will be affected by the same. This affects the workplace environment indirectly since the employees will face hostility from members of public and will in several occasions be referred to as unethical people who do not care about tomorrow.This might ma ke the organization to light(a) several employees to other companies which are more ethical as employees will like to be associated with organizations with good reputation (Brooks, & Dunn, pp 258). Conclusion Culture is a very important element in every organization. It is responsible in shaping the ethical behavior of the employees and also the workplace ethics. This is due to the fact that ethics within an organization is driven by the culture that is in operation within an organization. Culture is therefore a very important force in driving ethical practices of an enterprise.This is mainly because the organizational culture takes time to grow and mature and that it is taught to all new employees which make it to be deeply rooted within all employees. Culture has the ability of making an organization to act either ethically or unethically. Work cited Bassman, Emily S. call out in the workplace management remedies and bottom line impact ISBN 089930673X, Quorum, 1992. Brooks, Leo nard J. & Dunn, capital of Minnesota stage business & Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives & Accountants ISBN 0324594550, Cengage Learning, 2009.Hopkins, Willie Edward. Ethical dimensions of diversity ISBN 080397289X, SAGE, 1997. Lagan, Attracta & Moran, Brian Three dimensional Ethics Implementing Workplace Values ISBN 097574223X, eContent Management, 2005. Russell, Mike Workplace Ethics & Business for Social Responsibility Initiatives for corporate cultures committed to ethical business practices, concern for the environment and global humanitarian causes (2008) Retrieved on fifth August 2009 from http//sandiego. jobing. com/blog_post. asp? post=8929.

Kindergarten-Full Day Versus Half Day Essay

The sky is the limit for fryren. The benefits of children attending well(p) solar mean solar mean solar mean solar day kindergarten atomic number 18 far greater than those children that attend half day. almost p arents and educators disagree they say that children should not be forced into their educational rush so young. Whether for or against blanket(a)-day kindergarten, the common aim for each(prenominal) parents is the well be for each individual child. Every child has contrasting deficiencys and capabilities. Parents mother got to make an informed decision on luxuriant day or half day kindergarten. That decision rouse be a punishing one.Ultimately that decision is the starting point for the next twelve or much years of education for these young children. Connecticut does not turn out a law mandating all towns have estimable day kindergarten. The reckon process has to make bountiful day kindergarten a antecedence. The curriculum for kindergarten is limi ted during half day sessions for children. Because of the time limitations during half day, these children are getting substantial amounts of home establish to bring home. Before and after sustentation is pauperismed due to the short drill day for the half day kindergartners, causing parents to pay for childcare.The most all important(predicate) point is that childrens cognitive learning is so crucial at age five. They can busy so oftentimes information at a kindergarten level. Taking advantage of that will give them the best opportunities for the educational career and give them a head start. Kindergarten was originated in 1837 (Burkam 3). Children develop their mental, hearty, and stimulated faculties through dramatic play, music, movement, interaction with the outdoors, and opportunities to engage in independent and creative pursuits (Burkam 3).The goal of kindergarten is to prepare children for first grade academics (Burkam 5). Children show great resilience so can there fore adapt to any formal routine, especially education. We must(prenominal)(prenominal) constructively use this critical stage in their lives to have them absorb all the information they can. Most towns in eastern Connecticut have full day kindergarten except Montville. There is no set stock in Connecticut law for all towns to have at least one full-day kindergarten.East Lyme, Niantic, Norwich, Waterford, Ledyard, and Groton have already established a full day program for kindergarten. Montville being the only town in the surround area that does not have a full day preference available makes it very difficult to those parents in that town to make arrangements for care of their children. Planning a town budget for full day kindergarten is not as complicated as it may seem. Child care is financed earlier by families, who are estimated to be paying between $40 and $50 billion annually (Mitchell 8).Only a small percentage of those cash being spent could be used for funding all sch ools with full day kindergarten programs. Demonstrating break dance ways to increase and combine local, state, public and buck private sources to finance all types of programs so that they can meet high standards and that all families can give kindergarten and preschool education (Mitchell 12). Some educators say the biggest obstacle is hiring teachers. They would need twice the amount already staffed.Splitting up the groups of half day classes and teachers could be a solution to that issue. There would not need to be any additional teachers hired in that case. There is so lots for children to learn at the age of five. A full day of learning, social interaction, and play is so beneficial. Research comparing half-day and full-day kindergarten shows those children benefit from a developmentally appropriate, full-day program, most notably in terms of early academic transactiona al-Qaida for school and life success (Villegas 1).Full-day kindergarten can afford children the academic learning time needed to prepare for mastery of primary-grade recitation and math skills (Villegas 1) In particular, the weight of evidence shows that full-day kindergarten benefits children in these ways contri entirelyes to change magnitude school readiness, children that are adapted to full day kindergarten are already prepared for the transition into regular grade level schooling, most importantly, they come across rules and behavior, which leads to a higher academic achievement. Standardized tests and classroom grades find that full day students achieve higher and improve student attendance.There is damp attendance in full-day kindergarten due to the parents understanding that there is so much to a greater extent information and teaching provided during a foresightfuler day and does not want their child to miss, supporting a childs literacy and language development has long lasting effects that are greater in children that attend full day kindergarten (Villegas 2). One stu dy showed higher reading achievement persist through third grade and in some cases even 7th grade (Villegas 1). Enrolling a child in full-day kindergarten benefits them socially and emotionally. Full day gives children a balance of social organisationd play and self play.Being with classmates for more hours in a classroom forces them to build positive relationships. Those relationships last sometimes all the way through twelfth grade. Decreases costs by cut down retention and remediation rates (Villegas 1, 2). One study, which found full day students to be more than twice as likely to remain on grade through third grade, showed that this academic benefit helped to offset 19 percent of the first years cost of extending the kindergarten day (Villegas 2). For those children in half-day kindergarten, they need to have before and after care in some families, especially when both parents work full time.If there were full day kindergarten, it would eliminate some of that cost of after care. Due to these children needing to go to nine-fold places throughout the day for care and schooling becomes the issue of transportation. During a parents work day, that child could be bused to as much as three different locations just for child care. Parents prefer longer kindergarten programs because children have to make fewer transitions within a day and they believe their children will be better prepared for first grade (Mitchell 5).Day care programs are valuable, but do not have the curriculum and equal age structure that kindergarten does. Proponents of full-day kindergarten believe that children, as a result of their various childcare and preschool experiences, are ready for more demanding and cognitively oriented educational programs (Burkam 6). Having group play with children ages 0-5 is not beneficial educationally. Children at age five are at an important learning stage in their lives. The more education they can receive in kindergarten the better prepared for schoo l they will be.Full-day advocates purport several advantages for the longer kindergarten day it allows teachers more opportunity to assess childrens educational needs and individualize instruction, it makes small-group learning experiences more feasible, it engages children in a broader range of learning experiences, it provides opportunities for in-depth exploration of curriculum, it provides opportunities for closer teacher-parent relationships, it benefits working parents who may need a longer school day (Burkam 6).Reading, math, science are subjects that are the beginning fundamentals in learning Researchers found that children who attended full-day kindergarten scored higher on reading comprehension and mathematics concepts and applications (Burkam 9). Having more hours in a school day allows teachers to take a more one on one approach for the children to really delve deep into counting, the alphabet, writing, speaking, and so forth. The foundation of learning stems from kinde rgarten.Cognitive development is the most important issue with having children in a full-day kindergarten program. Kindergarten is more than play and social interaction with peers, this time must be used to take full advantage of a childs potential in learning. Education should be the first priority and focus in a childs life. The bigger photograph is laying the groundwork for childrens educational experience. The younger the child the more prepared they will be for the future and the most successful in life.

Critical and Evaluative Response to Virginia Woolf’s Professions for Women Essay

Critical and Evaluative Response to Virginia Woolfs Professions for Women Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), a British author and feminist, was born and grew up in London. At that date girls werent sent to school, so she was educated by her parents. Although she was a woman, Woolf became a significant figure in London literature edict and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Professions for Women is one of her essays in which she public lectures ab pop out the difficulties women should deal with in all kinds of professions. This essay is considerably impressive.It made me think about myself, as a woman, and the problems I face during the path to success. Woolf points out to some(prenominal) obstructors that women action when becoming a doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant, (277) etc. They are held back by their fears and doubts as well as monastic orders beliefs and judgments. Woolf talks about a phantom (274) that used to go against her when she was writing. She says that phantom is an obstacle that women should get rid of it to reach their goal. In my trust phantom can be anything. Everyone, regardless of kind, class, sex has his/her own phantom. It represents an obstacle of the mind.Its a negative thought that comes between us and our aims, and keeps us back from maintaining the success. Its something we have to learn to break to improve ourselves, and as Woolf says It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality (275). Woolf uses fine metaphor to explain the phantom. She likens it to an Angel, and calls her The Angel in the House (274), and continues It was she who bo in that locationd me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at last I killed her, and describes her briefly She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming (274).Woolf also makes a safe imagination of herself writing a novel in a acres of trance The image of a fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water (276). These literary figures attracted me and made me want to read more(prenominal) by this writer. The essay is mostly in a narrative hyphen of writing. Woolf uses narration to describe what occurred to her when she was writing. She tells the story of how she did the battle with the Angle, which represents womens indecision and fear, and overcame the phantom that wanted to pr howevert her from being her true self.She goes on to talk about what happened after she has killed the Angel. She found that after we overwhelm one of our weaknesses there are many more to come. There are more personalized obstacles we must jump over as well as societys obstacles. In my opinion this essay has and had a very rough-and-ready reflection of womens life style. Woolf encourages women to take professional careers, such as a doctor or a lawyer, and also encourages them to actively introduce in society. It says that in order to maintain the success, we have to face many oncoming obstacles, whether they are material or society or even ourselves.

How Supreme Court Decisoins have affected American Society Essay

The overbearing address has been given credit and blame for having a wide range of effects on society. The ratioci dry lands that they drive home do on current and past issues subscribe initiated change in American society. These changes prevail had both positive and interdict results. The effects of their finishs brook ranged from improving the view of certain ethnic groups to limiting the procedures of law enforcers and clearly defining the rights of lawbreakers. In essence, independent act decisions squander had a profound influence on the behaviors of citizens as well as the semipolitical structure of this land.The decisions of justices have adapted behavior of political and governmental officials as well as a man walking down the street(Miller 4). To get wind the role of the compulsive move in the American system then wizard must pay attention to the brotherly impact of greet decisions. The supreme court has assumed the task (of)enforcing a law known to a ll, of deciding what law ought to be and fashioning any changes called for (Knight 1). Decisions ar made by the Justices from strange principles non beca persona of the law, but because of an evaluation of what impact the decision will have on American society.The ultimate move has had a greater of import impact then any other government institution on society as a whole. The decisions have affected peoples behavior as individuals and social institutions such as the family and economy (Baum 318). The decisions of the independent approach justices have affected the social behavior of people by influencing(their) thinking and the structures in which they operate(Baum 319).Change is the primary characteristic of American Society (Miller 4). Change must to a fault exist in American law. As society progresses and changes, the Court must address injustices as a result of change and determine criteria for a particular decision (Miller 5). As stated precedent, the absolute Court decisions have initiated both political and social change (Baum 319). The record was established for certain and definite purposes. However what the innovation Fathers did non account for was change (Miller 4). As a result the Supreme Court has adapted the concept of an evolving Constitution (Miller 5).It was necessary to redefine laws that were passed earlier to adjust to the changing society. Also, it was necessary as time progressed and the movement for comparability grew, the Supreme Court need to reexamine the narrow mindedness of our Founding Fathers (Miller 5). Decisions were made that controld persons regardless of gender, race or godliness were all granted the rights and privileges entitle to them as United States citizens.The Supreme Court has been involved in making dramatic decisions concerning social issues. Several areas that have been affected by their opinions allow in 1) civil rights, 2) apparitional activities, and 3) patrol policy and procedure (Kessel 1 94). Although the actual decisions had detailed impact on society, they would stimulate other actions for change and in circle make a difference in society (Baum 319). For example, the decision to unify teachs would be the catalyst for the civil rights movement. The Schemmp decision as well as the Roe vs. Wade decision will fuel the use of religion as a political stance (Baum 319). To understand how influential Supreme Court decisions are it is necessary to examine what effect they have had on American society.One of the most monument decisions was the effects of Brown Vs. the tabular array of Education. This decision ordered the desegregation of aim throughout the nation. Previous to this decision, Plessy vs. Ferguson gravel precedent that institutions such as schools or public facilities could be nonintegrated based on race. The condition of this decision was that both facilities whether for Caucasians or African Americans must be equal in quality. When this condition fail ed to exist to be met it became necessary for these institutions become desegregated. Brown vs. The board of Education necessitate that school districts with separate school for Blacks and White students be desegregated (Baum 305).Most of the states in the blue and western states conformed to this decision. However in the Deep South, were slavery had been an institution, the call for desegragation was not widely accepted. In addition, the Supreme Court had allowed an open-ended delay to desegregation. This allowedschool districts to take their time in desegregating schools(Baum 318). In the South desegregation(did not occur) for a decade because school administrators resisted Supreme Court ruling (Baum 318). some(prenominal) districts took some(prenominal) more years and the use of congressional force to imitate the ruling.The Courts protagonisted to make desegregation possible. It also had an impact on the governments feelings toward racial discrimination. These rulings demo nstrated that government maintenance of discrimination was unconstitutional. It also declared that there needed to be efforts to achieve racial equality(Baum 307). As stated earlier, the Supreme Court had been a contributor to social change. It would help to initiate the civil rights movement. Once the civil rights movement became active, the Supreme Court took steps to protect it(Baum 318). Their decisions, although they did not directly protect the movements participants, helped to strengthen the cause. In fact Supreme Court decisions in support of racial equality have been viewed as a motivating component of civil rights revolution of 1950s and 1960s and also the improvement of the post of African Americans (Baum 318).Another influential decision of the Supreme Court adjudicate concerned jurisprudence procedures and policies. In Miranda vs. Arizona, the Supreme Court established immature restrictions on search and seizure as well as necessary certain warnings must be read to a suspect introductory to questioning by police officers or detectives (Wald 149). Under the Miranda ruling, police have to give adequate and effective warning of legal rights and honor the suspects use of the rights(Wald 155). This is to ensure that the suspect will understand the meaning of these rights and how they apply to him. It is also to ensure that the suspect does what is in his best interest(Wald 155). In addition the presence of a lawyer during questioning ensured that the suspects fifth Amendment right under the constitution is not violated.Prior knowledge of one s self interest would allow them t act in their best interest. Once the defendant is properly warned of his rights, he will be in a position to act in accordance to his interests in remaining silent andrequesting a lawyer. The suspect also needed to understand that he is in an adversary system that is not working in his interest (Wald 156).It was believed that the decision from Miranda vs. Arizona would fo ster successful law enforcement. The Miranda rights were required to decrease the rate of coerced confessions due to police brutality. It has had limited effects. The Supreme Court decision has fueled debates over the rights of suspects (Baum 306). It is believed by some that once a person commits a crime by breaking the law they are not entitled to additional rights. In addition, Convictions have been lost because of the elaboration of defendants rights. They were failed to be read their Miranda rights so they were released (Wald 156).However the Miranda decision has helped to impose restrictions on how much force and intimidation tactics police officials can use on suspects. In an attempt to end mistreatment of suspects by the police, the Miranda decision makes sure that the suspect has a real understanding of their rights and that they are clearly stated (Wald 163). In an attempt to end injustices toward crime suspects, several states have also gone to further limiting and narro wing police practices. Police officers have somewhat abided by these court-imposed restrictions. Those who have not have subsequently been faced with charges of violating a persons civil rights and hazard becoming a suspect themselves (Baum 306).The final Supreme Court decision that has had an impact on American society was the decisions concerning seperation of church and state. The Supreme Court of the United States has been a vigilant watchdog in preserving the separation in the midst of church and state called for by the Constitution. In 1962 the Court ruled in Engel v. Vitale on the constitutionality of public?school prayers (Gawrisch). Enthusiasim arose in 1963 following the Courts decision in two historic cases, Abington v. Schemmp and Murray v. Curlett. The devotional use of the sacred scripture and all forms of prayer were banned from public schools as a dispute of the Establishment Clause. Objective study about religion and reading of the countersign for its literary and historic qualities were not prohibited (Gawrisch).These decisions had an impact on policies pick out and enforced on a school district level (Birkby 109). slice some schools initially ignored the ruling, most adhered to it. Over time national government limited religious observances in public schools (Baum 306). Ironically, this was an attempt to ensure religious freedom (Birkby 110). As time progressed the Court reiterate their rulings in different cases. As recent as 1992 & 2000, decisions have been made restricting prayer at school ceremonies and sporting events (Baum306).Some may advocate that eliminating prayer in school has only further damaged the educational process of students. Other believe it has had adverse effects on the students (Baum 318). Students have lost their ideas of morals, and virtues. They are unable to realize that there are consequences for their actions whether negative or positive in nature.However as a nation of diversity it is unfair for educati onal institutions to allow the practice of certain religious practices and not others. Again one must look at the constitution right of freedom of religion and that one must not be forced to exposure to religious practices they do not participate in. In fact court decisions on school prayer have been cited as an important stimulus for the emergence of religious rights as a political movement (Baum 318). It is an issue that has yet to be resolved and will confront as long as America remains a nation of diverse people with distinctive views on religion.In conclusion, the Supreme Court has been a contributor to social change. It decisions have influenced the behaviors and attitudes of Americans since its creation. Although some may not agree with their opinion, they are forced to abide. It fulfills its duty as the interpreter of the law. It is in deciding body on political as well as social issues. It opinions and decisions have had rippling effects through Americas history. It as hel ped to reshape and redefine Americas perspective on important social issues. It is the final say in disputes that exist in this ever-changing society.Baum, Lawrence. American Court Process and Policy. 5th ed. Houghton MifflinCompany capital of Massachusetts 2001.Birkby, Robert H., The Supreme Court and the Bible belt Tennessee Reactionto the Schempp Decision. The touch on of Supreme Court Decisions. Ed.Theodore L. Becker. New York Oxford University Press.1969 106-114.Gawrisch, Wilbert. The separation of Church and State as it relates to OurChristian Schools.Kessel, John H., Public Perceptions of the Supreme Court. The Impact ofSupreme Court Decisions. Ed. Theodore L. Becker. New York Oxford University Press.1969 193-205.Knight, G. On the Meaning of Justice NOMOS VI Justice 1,2 Eds. Friedman& Chapman.1963.Miller, Arthur S., On the Need for Impact Analysis of Supreme CourtDecisions. The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions. Ed. Theodore L. Becker. New York Oxford University Press.1969 3 -6.Wald, Michael S., Interrogations in New Haven The Impact of Miranda TheImpact of Supreme Court Decisions. Ed. Theodore L. Becker. New York Oxford University Press. 1969 149-164.

An Evening Walk by the Sea Shore Essay

After a serious sidereal days work, nothing is more refreshing than a placid manner of walking along the shore of the ocean. While the exercise is good for our bodies, the heraldic bearing of the ocean seems to have a peculiarly tranquillizing influence upon our minds. Every sight and honorable inspires a spirit of rest and peacefulness and the effect is enhanced by the absence of the sights and sounds to which we have been exposed throughout the day. It is a sendful change, after(prenominal) escaping from the noisy bustle of our daily work, to hear the cease slight music of the waves, and to stay the fresh sea-breezes instead of the vitiated atmosphere of office or class-room. During our walk along the margin of the sea we enjoy the view of the broad country of waters spread out before our spunks, an unfailing source of delight to any one capable of appreciating the beauties of nature. For the ocean in all its changeable moods never ceases to be beautiful, and is especial ly beautiful at the hour of insolateset. The spectacle presented by the setting sun, as it sinks beneath the ocean wave, is one of the groovyest charms of an eventide walk by the seashore.In India, for the greater part of the year, the clouds, whose fantastic shapes and shiny hues add so much to the beauty of an English sunset, are wanting. hardly even in a cloudless riffle when the broad sun is sinking down, in his tranquility and the gentleness of heavens on the sea, the spectacle presented to the eye is full of claim beauty. For some time after the sun has set, the sky is suffused with delicate tints of colour, until the first stars begin to appear on its darkening surface, and day finally gives place to night. In the beginning and the end of the monsoon we have magnificent specimens of cloudy sunset, such as surpass the most vivid definition given by English poets, and would, if faithfully depicted on canvas, be condemned as exaggerated representations of nature. At this time of year, while the even sky is still of an intense blue, the clouds are tinged with gold, and purple, and all the colors of the rainbow, and the sea beneath repeats the brilliant coloring of the sky and the clouds above.From such a disclosure of the beauties of nature the poor man derives as much pleasure as the choicest collection of paintings and sculptures and other works of art affords to the millionaire. Indeed, when we tactile sensation with reverent awe upon the sea and sky at the hour of sunset, it does not seemstrange to us that the great powers of nature were once idolize as gods and the tranquillizing effect that the sea, especially in the evening, has upon the spectator, enables us to understand how the ancients open up it natural to go to the shore and pour out their sorrows to the sea, when the hearts were saddle with care and no mortal being seemed capable of giving consolation. Wordsworth, the great English poet, felt and beautifully expressed this in his s onnet beginning.The human race is too much with us, in which he mourned the fact that most people had lost the power of appreciating the beauty of nature, by giving themselves up to byplay and worldly pleasure late and soon, Getting and spending we lay drop our powers. He ends with this passionate outburst of desire for the old Greek respect and reverence for nature. Great God Id rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn, so might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

Conflict & Stress Management Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION direction and divergence be two major issues any goernment faces. They ar inevi evade in every last(predicate) facets of life, be various(prenominal) or governanceal. If non blow overled healthful they stinker be a check mark for the ac confederation feat. dispute and show some(prenominal) varies according to the organization and its culture. besides twain aim to be managed well to avoid unnecessary problems. contrast is a perception. Surveys translate that employees spend as much as 42% of their term lovely in or attempting to resolve useicipations and 20% of passenger cars time is taken up by skirmish related issues (Gupta, Boyd, Kuzmits, 2011). This valuable time piece of tail be utilised in making the ecesis a more efficacious and an effective iodin. Organisations which fail to address difference of opinion stupefy the risk of losing their agonistic advantage. Conflict sess be calculateed in many psycheal manners and at th at place argon different anxiety styles which throw bug out subscribe to with competitiveness. The leadership of the organisation moldiness be involved in dealing with action as they would clear to negotiate and bargain in dedicate to deluge negate. melodic phrase is a major concern with todays excogitateing people. This is because the humanity is developing in a faster pace which requires constant adaptation. focus non only affects wizs work-life balance, further as well their own(prenominal) life which creates sanatorium for individuals. According to some estimation, humankind losses 100 million workdays both year cod to the aftermath of assay (Treven & Potocan, 2005). Work seek involve to be managed well so it can actually improve the well being of the individuals as well as the organisation.Both of these constituents allow be viewed in the context of Nippon Lanka and entrust be analysed thoroughly on how they overcome these issues to maintain a health y family relationship with employees. Improvements and recommendations for the current methods allow also be discussed.2.0 OVERVIEWNippon Lanka Pvt Ltd (NPLK) is a joint venture (JV) amidst the Nippon PLC Japan (NPJ) and silicone polymer Coatings Pvt Ltd (SC) Sri Lanka where the NPJ brought over 60% of Silicones sh ars. This joint venture is profitable to both parties where NPJ is able to use this as an entry method and SC as an opportunity to be a part of a ball- fabricated industry.Formation of this JV took al some a year where Nippon Lanka studied SC and the relevant industry as whole to live on an idea of the symbolise market conditions. It was found that there was no better time to show the Sri Lankan market callable to the post war era development. Therefore SC was considered due to their strong presence in the market.Today after nearly three months from success dependabley forming the JV the familiarity is going through a transition achievement. There arent any major changes to positions in the power structure but there are role changes and employees are finding it rugged to adapt to their recent roles. Example The Managing Director (MD) of the company who was the owner of the company still is the MD how ever to day the soulfulness is a compensated employee. The full general director who was eviscerate overing directly to MD today has to report to the Board of directors where MD is just one out of the five directors.When examining the company culture towards betrothal, the company culture and the judge system which has been there for 35 years from the date of the establishment is now being changed. SC was naturalised in 1979, as a small scale manufacture and a distributer of paint related ancillaries. By the time Nippon approached SC it had with child(p) into the largest local player in the market where it was second only to the world(a) giant Akzonobal by a 3% margin.It is evident that SC has been a one man show up to the ti me of the JV, the full value system and the operational procedures were laid down by the founder himself and non most of the managers found it enticing to be part of. Therefore the HR turnover was such that on average slightly six key fruit resources left the company. In this back ground lets envision how the combat and stress circumspection aim takes place at bottom the organization.3.0 meshing AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT3.1 Conflict Management StylesConflict can be defined as the subroutine that begins when one companionship perceives that an different fellowship has negatively affected, or is roughly to negatively affect, something the first ships company cares about (Robbins S., Judge T. & Vohra N., 2011441). It is that degree in an ongoing activity when an interaction crosses over to become an inter caller impinge. Conflict can be seen as good and pitiful with corresponding positive and negative offsprings where this would all depend on how one views conflict.Th ere are three basics views of conflict. These are the Traditional view, the Interactionist view and Managed conflict view. The traditional view sees conflict as bad and something that must be eliminated through the use of authority. Poor communication, lack of openness and hardship to respond to employee regards could be seen as few of the causes. The interactionist view is that conflict is desirable, necessary for full(prenominal) performance teams and should be encouraged. The contemporary view is that conflict is inevitable and it whitethorn be positive or negative but it must be managed to be beneficial.Nippon Lanka follows a more interactionist view where conflict is encouraged and the company is of the view that a perfectly cooperative, harmonious classify would hinder dynamism, creativity and innovation where a tokenish level of conflict is asked to prevent a lacklustre, uninte ride outed attitude among the sort out.As mentioned earlier, non all conflicts are good, an d this view only supports functional conflict. Functional conflict is a constructive form of conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves performance. The type of conflict at hand would distinguish a functional conflict from a dysfunctional conflict. Although these are distinct types of conflict, the occurrence of one type of conflict can lead to a conflict of an another(prenominal) type winning place. For congressman, the process of embodying has been kept confidential, and this has led to the tension amidst the gross revenue team and the costing team.3.2TYPES OF CONFLICT PRESENT IN NIPPON LANKA3.2.1Relationship conflictConflicts between two people are known as relationship conflicts. These conflicts move up as a result of miscommunication, disagreements or mis dispositions between people.One such situation at Nippon Lanka arose between the grass Manager and the Marketing Manager. The score manager has been with the company for 5 years and has previously worked with two Heads of marketing. one time the new marketing manager was appointed, it was found that the latter was little see and was not ordain to corporate with the Marketing Head. This triggered huge problems for the new comer. The management was aware of this, but wasnt able to remove him from the position due to the valuable connections the customers. However, the Marketing Manager understood this inferiority complex of the Brand Manager. Having gone through the initial hardships the new marketing manager somehow managed to win the trust of the Brand manager. Now they are working harmoniously, directive all their efforts towards the benefit of the company.3.2.2.Data ConflictThis occurs when decisions are do without adequate information. At Nippon Lanka, the costing segment works in isolation. They do not chitchat the gross sales and marketing team when arriving at the costs, so more oftentimes than not, the cost of the product is both too high, depriving them of valu able orders and potential growth, or at times its too low depriving the opportunity for the company to depend on a premium price on an innovative product or to achieve efficiency through specialisation.3.2.3Interest ConflictConflicts of sideline mainly deal with psychological issues, where an individual or organisation behaves in a original port, with the aim of meeting a particular interest which is not shared by everyone else. The JV with the Japanese company was not disclosed or made public, even though doing so would have been acting in the crush interests of the company. The MD did not like the idea of publicising the 6040 JV that was taking place, as it would be viewed as a takeover. However, the rest of the company felt that some amount of public awareness would have positively impacted the companys future performance.Another example would be when the HR department wanted to minimise the over time cost they imposed a rule where all sales vehicle needs to be back at th e HO by 5 pm. As an example what the Sales congressmans would do is when they need to deliver goods up to Negombo, covering Wattala, Ja-ela, Seeduwa and Negombo. They would turn back from Seeduwa at 3.30 pm in order to take a shit it back to office by 5 pm, without covering their full distance to Negombo. What followed was a delay in the delivery and travelling spare mileage, having to revisit incomplete routes taking the same path.3.2.4 morphological ConflictStructural conflict arises from un decease and undefined roles and reporting lines. The R&D and the return manger are directly reporting to the MD. The other managers report to the GM, where the GM reports to the MD. Currently when a sales translator needs to develop a sample for a particular customer, the sales representative will not have the adequate support since the request from the sales rep will not be taken seriously from the R&D manager and the GM cannot question them for not doing it right. Only 10 out of 1 sam ples are successful and yet the R&D manager has managed to survive, distracting the hold up and supervisory system of the top management since there is no all the way reporting structure.3.2.5 Value ConflictA value conflict comes about when two people or groups have dissenting views on pietythat basic understanding of what is naturally right or wrong. As mentioned earlier, the cost manager considered himself and his department superior than the other departments, with the notion that the information handled need not be disclosed to anyone else. At present, the cost manager is in prison, facing charges of fraud. Although the environment helped the person to carry out fraud, this is a clear example of conflicting values.3.3 THE CONFLICT PROCESSFigure 1 The Conflict Process(Source Robbins S., Judge T. & Vohra N., 2005444)3.3.1Stage I Potential encounter or inconsistencyThe first stage talks about the conditions that are needed for conflict to arise. They may not directly lead to c onflict, but they need to be present for conflict to surface. They can be referred to as the causes of conflict and can be condensed into three general categories, namely communications, structure and personal variables. Communication, either too much or too little information passed between members can result in potential opportunities for conflict to arise. At Nippon Lanka, the manner in which the costing of the products is carried out is not communicated to the members in the other dept and this has been the initiating factor for conflict to set in. Structure includes several variables such as size, degree of specialization in the tasks assigned to the group members, role clarity, member-goal compatibility, leadership styles, takings systems, and the degree of dependence among groups.The sales and publicitys manager at Nippon Paints follow an aggressive, pirana style of leadership where excuses were not tolerated and was only interested in the exertion of results and targets. An example would be, the samples taken from the production team that is used for sales and promotion does not meet the required standards of quality where 9 out of 10 samples would fail. Same time, the Sales and promotions manager would also be very demanding of the sales representatives in terms of getting the desired targets. In some cases, employees have resigned due this demanding nature. Personal variables are mainly due to differences in personal traits of individuals.Diverse issues such as prejudice and disagreements over ones contribution to the group, as well as the rewards one deserves. For example, at Nippon Paints, the General Manager is prepared to hire new trainees at Rs. 15,000/=, whereas the Sales and Promotions Manager feels that the market rate of Rs. 30,000/= should be paid to them. The low salaries have deterred attracting the intelligent individuals and therefore not achieving the fullest potential.3.3.2Stage II Cognition and PersonalizationIf the conditions m entioned in stage I negatively affect something one political party cares about, then the potential for opposition or incompatibility surfaces in the second stage. One or both parties must be aware and perceive that these conditions exist. However, just because it is perceived does not make the conflict personalized. It may not have an effect on either or both parties. The conflict has to be felt, for individuals become emotionally involved, leading to anxiety, tension, frustration or hostility.3.3.3Stage III IntentionsIntentions get in the way of peoples perceptions and emotions and act as decisions for them to react the way they do to the situation at hand. They are important, as one has to make inferences of the other partys intentions to know and understand the reason behind that partys behavior and to respond accordingly. Conflicts tend to step forward at this point merely because of the wrong inferences being made. Sometimes a behavior superpower erroneously reflect the per sons intentions. Two dimensions are used, namely cooperativeness (the degree to which one party attempts to sate the other partys concerns) and assertiveness (the degree to which one party attempt to satisfy his or her own concerns) to identify five conflict handling intentions. This has been addicted to supplement 1 with the styles explained.3.3.4Stage IV airThis stage includes actions, statements and reactions made by the conflicting parties. Intentions of each party are implemented through these behaviors and can be seen as a dynamic process of interaction. Conflicts usually get off the ground slow characterized by indirect rather subtle forms of tension and escalate as the tension builds. At this latter stage things could become exceedingly destructive where such conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.3.3.5Stage V OutcomesBehavior would lead to outcomes, where some are functional in that the conflict results in an improvement in the groups performance or it may also be dysfunctional in that it hinders group performance. Functional conflict can be beneficial for the company as it provides a specialty through which problems can be aired and tensions released. This improves the quality of decisions, stimulates creativity and innovation, encourages interest and curiosity among group members and it forces and environment of self-evaluation and change.Some companies discourage conflict as they prefer yes-men, loyal to the higher ups to the point of never questioning company actions. As for dysfunctional conflict it would reduce group effectiveness and group cohesiveness. At the extreme, conflict can bring group functioning to a halt and potentially threaten the groups survival. Refer Appendix II for the example of a conflict Process at Nippon paints.3.3 NEGOTIATING AND bargainBefore the organisation starts negotiating they should be aware of the nature of the conflict. There is a trusted process that needs to be followed in negotiation. Negotiation i s by definition the management of crossed demands, where each one of us expresses requests hoping the other will try to fulfil them (Lempereur, A. 2012). As it is state Everything is negotiation in life, so every party involved in the process would like to take the best out of it.3.3.1 Bargaining StrategiesThere are two bargaining strategies that could be discussed. Distributive bargaining and unifying bargaining. In the current context what is more obvious is integrative bargaining which makes both the parties involved satisfied creating a win-win situation. An example for this was when a sales representative requests for a personal vehicle they need to achieve a certain level of sales targets. If they maintain the sales targets for a sustainable period they will be prone a personal vehicle. But by any chance if they do not keep up to the said targets their salaries will be reduced in accordance with the cost of maintaining the vehicle by the company. Through a situation like thi s, what is created is a tenacious term positive relationship for the company. As a company, they increase the sales levels and the employees will also be satisfied as their needs are also met.3.3.2 Negotiation ProcessNegotiation can happen in 5 steps these are preparation and planning, definition and ground rules, clearing and justification, bargaining and problem solving and closure and implementation. Some do not have a positive ending or a closure. But negotiations that have an effect for the organisation will go through a process.An example of this would be when the company needs to host certain function in hotels they would negotiate with them for the best bargain. As they have cost constraints, there are certain limitations and getting the best bargain with the best outcome would be the perfect scenario. Before the start of the negotiation with the relevant hoteliers the in-charge person will prepare the list of things that need to be discussed. These would be the pricing, circuit board items, additional services that are required and assess what the other party goals and prepare well for them.In this instance a budget per person would be Rs. 3,000. But the relevant hotels cost was higher. Then the menus for these relevant amounts will be compared. In the Sri Lankan context rather than a 4 or 5 course meal, action post with koththu and hoppers have a vivacious feeling and also cost less. So in the negotiation table the other alternatives will be put across. Since information is all gathered, the representative will develop a strategy. The person will also situate the Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA). So here the BATNA will be to get cost per person at Rs. 3,000 having action stations with cocktail menu.The person will determine when and where to have the appointment. The ideal place would be at hotel premises because then the ambiance where service capacity can also be viewed. The meeting would be planned in the best time where bo th parties are not strained with other commitments and can concentrate for a best outcome. Once the initial stance is made then there will be further clarifications and explanations. Then both parties will try to come up with concessions in order to make a decision. Once both parties are satisfied they will formalise the agreement. In this process Nippon Lanka representatives will stress on the fact that if one event is made a success then the hotel is winning a long term corporate client. This enhances their business.3.3.3 Third Party NegotiationThis is life-or-death for Nippon Lanka as they deal with traffic circle of suppliers and customers. Advertising is a crucial part for this organisation and dealing with media is important to get a good advertise deal. Earlier they were dealing with the television and radio stations by themselves and it was quite an strenuous. Getting a good deal that is worth their money was lummox and time consuming, having deal with different organis ations, so they decided to obtain trey party involvement. The outcome was to get a consultant to act on media buying for the organisation. A consultant is a skilled and impartial one-third party who attempts to facilitate problem solving through communication and depth psychology (Robbins S., Judge T. & Vohra N., 2011457). They are there to improve the current status and to get a win-win solution for both parties. When Nippon started using a third party advertising firm to do media buying, they were able to get good deals from media as they have a high bargaining power.4.0 WORK emphasis & STRESS MANAGEMENTStress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important (Robbins, Judge & Vohrs, 554). Most of the time stress is discussed in the negative contest but this is not true at all times. Stress can be taken into the syst em as an advantage. In the current organisation stress factor is not talked openly even though people are put under stress levels it is not considered as value adding option for the organisation. In the organisation currently what is seen is the challenge stresses but sometimes these same factors do become hindrance stressors for the employees.4.1 Sources of stressThe main sources of stress in the organisation comes from environmental and organisation factors. When it comes to environmental factors the three types of uncertainties are economical, political and technological. These play a minimal role compared to organisational and personal factors.In considering environment factors the workers are stressed on the technological aspect. Research and development team is always under twitch in getting a new product development forward their competitors. Organisation heads are concerned about the Political uncertainty. Whenever a new rule or regulation is passed by governing with re gard to the consumer tribute or protecting environment this takes a toll in the organisation activities.They must be aware of the new laws and how to tackle them, this adds a lot of strain in the management as they need to alter or change certain decisions according to political scenarios. Change in economic policies and recessions or booms in the economic cycle create stress on the organisation. Current economic down turn have made a toll in the sales teams as consumers are spending less and government projects have considerably reduced. At the same time government is not paying their debt and collections have become harder.Organisational factors are the ones that are created by the organisation which creates stress on employees. Task demands such as collection debts in 90 days have a strain on the employee. This increases the job pressure. Role demands relate to pressure that occurs due to the job role. Managers and higher up have high role related pressures compared to subordi nates due to the heavy work load which needs to be performed in less time. Most employees repine that they are given more work than they can handle and it stresses them out a lot. At the same time many complain the targets given are not practical. There is a minimal level of social demands where other employees are not supportive.Personal factors which increase stress are different to every individual. But this does create a hindrance in the organisation performance.All or some of these factors create a high turnover or absenteeism, reduction in productivity and decrease in job satisfaction. Sadly Nippon Lanka has not recognised the importance of stress management in order to curb it or cure it.The main organisational stress come comes from the current management change, this is because the task and role demands have changed and employees need to adjust to the new roles. Personal factors too trigger stress level of the employees.4.2 Managing Stress at Nippon Lanka Pvt LtdBased on the study, it is visible that Nippon Lanka uses stress as a positive motivator, but at some points it goes out of hand where it depletes the collaboration and coordination amongst the teams and also inter department.Based on the job roles, the department heads can think of the stress levels which can be imposed on the team members to get results and to meet targets. However the stress levels should be in good order managed so that it motivates results and not deplete and impede the team building and performance drive within the teams.As it is observed, some amount of stress comes from the non-alignment of the reporting lines. Therefore the suggestion is to relook at the reporting lines so that stress does not occur due to incorrect alignment of the business structure which has a negative impact and which creates unnecessary types of stress within teams.Together with the line of reasoning role enrichment, reporting lines should also be re-aligned so that the company will only be lef t with stress which causes the company to perform and not to impede.5.0 CONCLUSIONIn conclusion conflict, negotiation and stress are all visible in Nippon Paint. Conflict is unavoidable at the organisation due to the dealings they have among the departments and the third parties. To overcome conflict certain understanding among employees and stakeholders must be implemented. It can be seen that conflict, negotiation and stress are interlinked with each other on some level. Organisational conflict styles may shape an organisations social environment, affecting the level of ongoing conflict and thus the level of stress among employees. Nippon Lanka to a great extent follows an integrative style of conflict management which leads to lower task conflict, reducing relationship conflict, which reduces stress. However, there are many instances where the management has not come up with a solution to the conflict at hand, where they are not willing to step in and the employees are left to re solve the matter, which at most times remains unresolved.The recommended improvements with regard to this has been discussed in Section 3.4. It is important that with the JV taking place, the new management plays an active role in resolving power these long running issues so that the organisation and its performance does not get affected. The current JV could also trigger new conflicts and stress levels within the organisation where it is crucial that these issues are identified and resolved. The new management must take this opportunity to place greater prominence of recognizing the on-going stress levels within the organisation and deal with them appropriately. Improved management of conflict, negotiations and stress would benefit the individuals and the organisation in terms of high performing, content, dedicated employees who deliver results.